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          软件工程复习笔记
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        <h1 id="一-软件"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#一-软件"></a> 一、软件</h1>
<h2 id="什么是软件"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#什么是软件"></a> 什么是软件</h2>
<p><strong>软件 = 程序 + 数据结构 + 文档</strong></p>
<h2 id="软件的分类"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#软件的分类"></a> 软件的分类</h2>
<ul>
<li>应用软件</li>
<li>系统软件</li>
<li>支撑软件</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="软件需求"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#软件需求"></a> 软件需求</h2>
<ul>
<li>软件功能性需求(Functional Requirement)</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>能够完成的<code>功能</code>及在某些场景下可展现的外部可见行为或效果</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>软件质量方面的需求(Quality Requirement)</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><code>外部质量属性</code>，外部可展现的，用户、客户等会非常关心，如运行性能、可靠性、易用性等<br />
<code>内部质量属性</code>，隐藏在内部的，软件开发工程师会非常关心，如可扩展性、可维护性、可理解性</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>软件开发约束性需求(Constraint Requirement)</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>开发成本、交付进度、技术选型、遵循标准等方面提出的要求</p>
</blockquote>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>类别</th>
<th>内涵</th>
<th>关注的利益相关方</th>
<th>示例</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>功能性需求</td>
<td>软件具有的功能、行为和服务</td>
<td>用户、客户、开发者群体、其他系统</td>
<td>- 分析和识别老人语音呼叫<br>- 分析异常状况</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>内部质量需求</td>
<td>开发者群体</td>
<td>- 可维护性、可扩展性、可理解性、可重用性等</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>软件质量需求</td>
<td>外部质量需求</td>
<td>用户、客户、开发者群体、其他系统</td>
<td>- 界面操作要在1秒内响应<br>- 视频延迟不超过2秒</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>开发约束性需求</td>
<td>软件开发需满足的要求</td>
<td>客户、开发者群体、其他系统</td>
<td>- 要求在6个月内交付产品<br>- 软件运行在Android之上<br>- 采用Java语言来实现</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="开源软件和闭源软件"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#开源软件和闭源软件"></a> 开源软件和闭源软件</h2>

<div class="callout" data-callout="note">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-title-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-pencil"><path d="M17 3a2.85 2.83 0 1 1 4 4L7.5 20.5 2 22l1.5-5.5Z"/><path d="m15 5 4 4"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-inner">闭源软件</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-content"><p>软件代码不对用户开放的一类软件，购买软件只提供可运行软件或服务，没有提供源代码<br />
以许可证方式授权用户使用</p>
</div></div><p>缺点：无法掌握软件内部实现情况（如是否存在安全漏洞和恶意代码），也无法对软件进行修改和完善，极大影响了开发者的创新自由</p>

<div class="callout" data-callout="note">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-title-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-pencil"><path d="M17 3a2.85 2.83 0 1 1 4 4L7.5 20.5 2 22l1.5-5.5Z"/><path d="m15 5 4 4"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-inner">开源软件</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-content"><p>一种源代码可以自由获取和传播的计算机软件，其拥有者通过开源许可证赋予被许可人对软件进行使用、修改和传播</p>
</div></div>
<div class="callout" data-callout="tip">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-title-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-flame"><path d="M8.5 14.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 11 12c0-1.38-.5-2-1-3-1.072-2.143-.224-4.054 2-6 .5 2.5 2 4.9 4 6.5 2 1.6 3 3.5 3 5.5a7 7 0 1 1-14 0c0-1.153.433-2.294 1-3a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5 2.5z"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-inner">优点</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-content"><p></p>
<ul>
<li>源代码可自由传播</li>
<li>免费使用降低成本</li>
<li>激发创作者的热情</li>
<li>快速开发搭建系统</li>
</ul>
</div></div><h2 id="软件质量"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#软件质量"></a> 软件质量</h2>
<p>软件质量是指软件满足给定需求的程度，它是软件的生命线</p>
<p><strong>要求</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>正确性</li>
<li>可靠性</li>
<li>健壮性</li>
<li>有效性</li>
<li>安全性</li>
<li>可维护性</li>
<li>可移植性</li>
<li>可重用性</li>
<li>可理解性</li>
<li>可信性</li>
<li>持续性</li>
<li>可用性</li>
<li>互操作性</li>
</ul>
<p>保证方法</p>
<h1 id="二-软件工程"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#二-软件工程"></a> 二、软件工程</h1>

<div class="callout" data-callout="note">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-title-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-pencil"><path d="M17 3a2.85 2.83 0 1 1 4 4L7.5 20.5 2 22l1.5-5.5Z"/><path d="m15 5 4 4"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-inner">概念</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-content"><p>将<code>系统化</code>、<code>规范化</code>、<code>可量化</code>的方法应用于软件的开发、运行和维护的过程；以及上述方法的研究</p>
</div></div><h2 id="原则"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#原则"></a> 原则</h2>
<ul>
<li>抽象与建模</li>
<li>模块化</li>
<li>软件重用</li>
<li>信息隐藏</li>
<li>关注点分离</li>
<li>分而治之</li>
<li>双向追踪原则</li>
<li>工具辅助</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="三-软件过程模型"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#三-软件过程模型"></a> 三、软件过程模型</h1>
<p>定义了软件开发的具体活动以及活动间的逻辑关系</p>
<h2 id="不同模型的特点"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#不同模型的特点"></a> 不同模型的特点</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">模型名称</th>
<th style="text-align:center">指导思想</th>
<th style="text-align:center">关注点</th>
<th style="text-align:center">适合软件</th>
<th style="text-align:center">管理难度</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">瀑布模型</td>
<td style="text-align:center">提供系统性指导</td>
<td style="text-align:center">与软件生命周期相一致</td>
<td style="text-align:center">需求变动不大、较为明确、可预先定义的应用</td>
<td style="text-align:center">易</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">原型模型</td>
<td style="text-align:center">以原型为媒介指导用户的需求导出和评价</td>
<td style="text-align:center">需求获取、导出和确认</td>
<td style="text-align:center">理解需求难以表述清楚、不易导出和获取的应用</td>
<td style="text-align:center">易</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">增量模型</td>
<td style="text-align:center">快速交付和并行开发</td>
<td style="text-align:center">软件详细设计、编码和测试的增量式完成</td>
<td style="text-align:center">需求变动不大、较为明确、可预先定义的应用</td>
<td style="text-align:center">易</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">迭代模型</td>
<td style="text-align:center">多次迭代，每次仅针对部分明确软件需求</td>
<td style="text-align:center">分多次迭代来开发软件，每次仅关注部分需求</td>
<td style="text-align:center">需求变动大、难以一次性说清楚的应用</td>
<td style="text-align:center">中等</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">螺旋模型</td>
<td style="text-align:center">集成迭代模型和原型模型，引入风险分析</td>
<td style="text-align:center">软件计划制定和实施，软件风险管理，基于原型的迭代式开发</td>
<td style="text-align:center">开发风险大，需求难以确定的应用</td>
<td style="text-align:center">难</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 id="四-敏捷开发"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#四-敏捷开发"></a> 四、敏捷开发</h1>
<blockquote>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://agilemanifesto.org/iso/zhchs/manifesto.html">敏捷软件开发宣言</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>一种轻量级软件开发方法</p>
<blockquote>
<p>相对于重量级的软件开发方法而言</p>
</blockquote>
<p>主张软件开发要以代码为中心，快速、轻巧和主动应对需求变化，持续、及时交付可运行的软件系统</p>
<p>提供了一组思想和策略，指导快速响应用户需求的变化，快速交付可运行的软件制品</p>
<h2 id="基本主张"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#基本主张"></a> 基本主张</h2>
<p>较之于过程和工具，应更加重视<code>人和交互</code>的价值<br />
较之于面面俱到文档，应更加重视<code>可运行软件系统</code>的价值<br />
较之于合同谈判，应更加重视<code>客户合作</code>的价值<br />
较之于遵循计划，应更加重视<code>响应用户需求变化</code>的价值</p>
<h2 id="指导思想"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#指导思想"></a> 指导思想</h2>

<div class="callout" data-callout="note">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-title-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-pencil"><path d="M17 3a2.85 2.83 0 1 1 4 4L7.5 20.5 2 22l1.5-5.5Z"/><path d="m15 5 4 4"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-inner">Note</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-content"><p></p>
<ul>
<li>强化可运行的软件，弱化软件文档</li>
<li>以适应变化为目的，提升应变能力</li>
<li>以人为本，让方法等服务于人</li>
</ul>
</div></div><h2 id="敏捷准则"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#敏捷准则"></a> 敏捷准则</h2>
<ol>
<li>通过<code>持续不断地及早交付</code>有价值的软件使客户满意。</li>
<li><code>欣然面对需求变化</code>，即使在开发后期也一样。为了客户的竞争优势，敏捷过程掌控变化。</li>
<li><code>经常地交付</code>可工作的软件，相隔几星期或一两个月，倾向于采取<code>较短的周期</code>。</li>
<li>业务人员和开发人员必须<code>相互合作</code>，项目中的每一天都不例外。</li>
<li><code>激发个体的斗志</code>，以他们为核心搭建项目。提供所需的环境和支援，辅以信任，从而达成目标。</li>
<li>不论团队内外，传递信息效果最好效率也最高的方式是<code>面对面的交谈</code>。</li>
<li>可<code>工作的软件</code>是进度的首要度量标准。</li>
<li>敏捷过程倡导可持续开发。责任人、开发人员和用户要能够共同维持其步调稳定延续。</li>
<li>坚持不懈地追求<code>技术卓越和良好设计</code>，敏捷能力由此增强。</li>
<li>以<code>简洁</code>为本，它是极力减少不必要工作量的艺术。</li>
<li>最好的架构、需求和设计出自<code>自组织团队</code>。</li>
<li>团队定期地<code>反思</code>如何能提高成效，并依此<code>调整</code>自身的举止表现。</li>
</ol>
<h1 id="五-uml统一建模语言"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#五-uml统一建模语言"></a> 五、UML统一建模语言</h1>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>视点</th>
<th>图（diagram）</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>结构</td>
<td>包图（package diagram）</td>
<td>从包层面描述系统的静态结构</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>类图（class diagram）</td>
<td>从类层面描述系统的静态结构</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>对象图（object diagram）</td>
<td>从对象层面描述系统的静态结构</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>构件图(component diagram)</td>
<td>描述系统中构件及其依赖关系</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>行为</td>
<td>状态图(statechart diagram )</td>
<td>描述状态的变迁</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>活动图(activity diagram)</td>
<td>描述系统活动的实施</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>通信图(communication diagram)</td>
<td>描述对象间的消息传递与协作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>顺序图(sequence diagram)</td>
<td>描述对象间的消息传递与协作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>部署</td>
<td>部署图（deployment diagram）</td>
<td>描述系统中工件在物理运行环境中的部署情况</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>用例</td>
<td>用例图（use case diagram）</td>
<td>从外部用户角度描述系统功能</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 id="六-软件测试"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#六-软件测试"></a> 六、软件测试</h1>
<p>程序是运行软件的载体，也是软件缺陷的载体</p>

<div class="callout" data-callout="note">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-title-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-pencil"><path d="M17 3a2.85 2.83 0 1 1 4 4L7.5 20.5 2 22l1.5-5.5Z"/><path d="m15 5 4 4"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-inner">白盒测试</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-content"><p>基于程序内部的执行流程来设计测试用例</p>
</div></div>
<div class="callout" data-callout="note">
<div class="callout-title">
<div class="callout-title-icon">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-pencil"><path d="M17 3a2.85 2.83 0 1 1 4 4L7.5 20.5 2 22l1.5-5.5Z"/><path d="m15 5 4 4"/></svg>
</div>
<div class="callout-title-inner">黑盒测试</div>
</div>
<div class="callout-content"><p>基于程序的外在功能和接口来设计测试用例</p>
</div></div>
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  if (!CONFIG.page.comments) return;

  NexT.utils.loadComments('.giscus-container')
    .then(() => NexT.utils.getScript('https://giscus.app/client.js', {
      attributes: {
        async                   : true,
        crossOrigin             : 'anonymous',
        'data-repo'             : CONFIG.giscus.repo,
        'data-repo-id'          : CONFIG.giscus.repo_id,
        'data-category'         : CONFIG.giscus.category,
        'data-category-id'      : CONFIG.giscus.category_id,
        'data-mapping'          : CONFIG.giscus.mapping,
        'data-strict'           : CONFIG.giscus.strict,
        'data-reactions-enabled': CONFIG.giscus.reactions_enabled,
        'data-emit-metadata'    : CONFIG.giscus.emit_metadata,
        'data-theme'            : CONFIG.giscus.theme,
        'data-lang'             : CONFIG.giscus.lang,
        'data-input-position'   : CONFIG.giscus.input_position,
        'data-loading'          : CONFIG.giscus.loading
      },
      parentNode: document.querySelector('.giscus-container')
    }));
});
</script>


  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/dist/APlayer.min.css">
  <div id="aplayer"></div>
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/dist/APlayer.min.js"></script>
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/dist/music.js"></script>  

  <script type="text/javascript" src="\js\FunnyTitle.js"></script>

</body>
</html>
